Phlebotomus papatasi is the vector of Leishmania major, causing cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Old World.We investigated whether P.papatasi immunity genes were expressed toward L.major, commensal gut microbes, or a combination of both.We focused on sand fly transcription factors dorsal and relish and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) attacin and defens
It is a known fact that antiretroviral treatment (ART) is highly efficacious in reducing the sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).In addition, it is clear now that those infected and living with HIV and having an undetectable viral load below 200 copies per mL, measured 4 to 6 monthwise, do not transmit it sexually to their par
This article considers how a human rights culture in urban policymaking fits within wider theories of human rights cities.Specifically, it considers practical ways to bring together what local government officers consider the most important initiatives Shower Body Wash to enhance human rights in the city, and which initiatives are feasible to imple
Meningitis and meningococcal NADH septicemia are potentially life-threatening illnesses; young people in educational institutions have been repeatedly exposed to outbreaks of meningococcal infections.Since invasive meningococcal disease is preceded by pharyngeal carriage of Neisseria meningitidis, ascertaining the prevalence of meningococcal carria
Abstract SARS-CoV-2 variants evolve to balance immune evasion and airborne transmission, yet the mechanisms remain unclear.In hamsters, first-wave, Alpha, and Delta variants Christmas Ornments transmitted efficiently via aerosols.Alpha emitted fewer viral particles than first-wave virus but compensated with a lower infectious dose (ID50).Delta exhi